Notes2Skills: From Lab Notebooks to Certainty-Aware Scientific Agent Skills

Scientific discovery workflows rely heavily on lab notes, where researchers record observations, interpret uncertain results, and plan follow-up experiments. Unlike polished publications, lab notes preserve evolving scientific reasoning, tacit scientific knowledge, and author uncertainty, giving AI agents access to the process of science. However, most prior work on scientific text focuses on papers, protocols, or structured databases, leaving informal laboratory notes underexplored as inputs to AI agents for science. This gap matters because tacit knowledge in lab notes is not written as a clean set of instructions: validated observations, tentative judgments, and possible experimental next steps often appear in the same passage. If these signals are conflated, an AI agent may mistake uncertain scientific judgments for confirmed conclusions or executable actions. To this end, we present Notes2Skills, a two-stage framework for turning lab notebooks into verifiable skills for scientific AI agents while preserving the author's certainty. Across three wet-lab sessions and seven original downstream configurations, Notes2Skills is the only tested configuration that avoids both observed regime-level failures: over-acting on uncertain notes and missing firm directives. We show that certainty preservation is a key missing piece between lab notebooks and reliable agent skills, opening a path toward safer AI co-scientist systems.