Brain-PACE: A Deep Siamese MRI Framework for Modelling Longitudinal Brain Acceleration — Paper

Abstract

Brain age estimation has become a popular research proxy for assessing brain health and disease, yet longitudinal trajectories of brain ageing are still poorly defined, and clinical use is limited. Building on existing Siamese longitudinal frameworks, we develop Brain-Predicted Age Acceleration (Brain-PACE) to directly estimate the pace of structural brain ageing from paired T1-weighted MRI. Brain-PACE identified accelerated ageing in $42.6$% of participants with mild cognitive impairment. Faster Brain-PACE was associated with greater functional and cognitive impairment (FAQ; $r=0.35$, ADAS13; $r=0.30$, CDR-SB; $r=0.32$) and greater regional tau burden in the posterior cingulate ($r=0.59$), precuneus ($r=0.47$), and entorhinal cortex ($r=0.37$). These associations were stronger than those observed when pace was calculated indirectly from repeated cross-sectional brain age estimates, suggesting that direct longitudinal modelling captures complementary information relevant to ongoing pathological change. Methodologically, Brain-PACE extends the LILAC framework by combining spatial attention with soft label distribution learning and a Cram\'er distance objective, improving probabilistic performance and reducing prediction bias while providing measures of predictive uncertainty. Together, these findings support Brain-PACE as a complementary longitudinal imaging phenotype with sensitivity to relevant clinical and biological changes in early neurodegeneration.

Authors 8

Samuel Maddox (School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia), Jacob Newman (School of Computing Sciences, Saber Sami (Norwich Medical School, Michal Mackiewicz (School of Computing Sciences, for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, the Australian Imaging Biomarkers, Lifestyle flagship study of ageing

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Official page: arxiv.org/abs/2609.11378
Source:arXiv (Atom API + RSS)T1observed 2 h agohigh
Arxiv announce type: new
Source:arXiv (Atom API + RSS)T1observed 2 h agohigh
arXiv id: 2609.11378
Source:arXiv (Atom API + RSS)T1observed 2 h agohigh
Categories: cs.CV
Source:arXiv (Atom API + RSS)T1observed 2 h agohigh
PDF: arxiv.org/pdf/2609.11378
Source:arXiv (Atom API + RSS)T1observed 2 h agohigh
Primary category: cs.CV
Source:arXiv (Atom API + RSS)T1observed 2 h agohigh
Published: 11 Sept 2026
Source:arXiv (Atom API + RSS)T1observed 2 h agohigh

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Authors: Samuel Maddox (School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia), Jacob Newman (School of Computing Sciences

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Value	Valid from → to	Status	Source	Confidence	Extractor
cs.CV	11 Sept 2026 21:03 UTC → current	current	arXiv (Atom API + RSS)T1	high	deterministic

Claims are temporal and append-only: a new observation closes the previous claim (valid_to) instead of overwriting it. Conflicting claims from different sources are kept side by side and flagged — never averaged. Methodology →

11 Sept 2026
New paperPaperBrain-PACE: A Deep Siamese MRI Framework for Modelling Longitudinal Brain Acceleration
New paper: Brain-PACE: A Deep Siamese MRI Framework for Modelling Longitudinal Brain Acceleration
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Source	Document	Type	Tier	Last observed	Snapshots
arXiv (Atom API + RSS)	rss.arxiv.org/rss/cs.CV	feed	T1· Official	2 h ago	1

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